OVERCOMING TRIBULATIONS AND THE WORLD

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OVERCOMING TRIBULATIONS AND THE WORLD (EXPLANATION IN ENGLISH AND FRENCH)
JOHN 16:20-33
EXPLANATION BY SAINT KYRELLOS I THE 24TH PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA
19, 20 Jesus perceived that they were desirous to ask Him, and He said unto them, Do ye enquire among yourselves concerning this, that I said, A little while, and ye behold Me not, and again a little while, and ye shall see Me? Verily, verily, I say unto you, that ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice: ye shall be sorrowful, but your sorrow shall be turned into joy.
As then they were thirsting for information and sought to know more exactly the meaning of His words, He gives a clearer exposition of His Passion, and vouchsafes them the foreknowledge of the sufferings that He was about to undergo to their great profit. It was not in order that He might engender in them premature alarm that He deemed it meet to give them this explanation beforehand, but in order that, forearmed by their knowledge, they might perchance be found more courageous to withstand the terror that would assail them. For that of which the advent is expected is milder in its approach than that which is wholly unlooked for. When then you who are truly Mine and united to Me by your love towards Me shall behold your Guide and Master undergoing the brunt of the madness of the Jews, their insults and outrages, and all that their mad frenzy will prompt, then, indeed, ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice; that is, those who are not minded to follow God's Will, but are, as it were, enchained by worldly lusts. He refers also to the vulgar herd of Jewish rabble, as well as the impious band of enemies of God who had secured the lead among them, namely, the Scribes and Pharisees, who made jests at the trials our Saviour had to endure, and raised many cries to their own damnation, at one time saying, If Thou art the Son of God come down now from the cross, and we will believe Thee: and at another, Thou that destroyest the temple and buildest |463 it in three days, save Thyself----for such will be the foul utterances of the blasphemous tongue of the Jews. But while the men of the world would be of this mind, and such will be their deeds and cries, "you will mourn;" but not for long will you have this suffering to endure, for your sorrow will be turned into joy. For I shall live again, and will wholly remove the cause of your despondency, and I will comfort the mourners, and will renew in them a good courage that will be eternal and without end. For the joy of the Saints ceaseth not. For Christ is alive for evermore, and through Him the bonds of death are loosed for all mankind. It is perhaps, too, not impertinent to reflect that the worldly will contrariwise be doomed to a fate of endless misery. For if, when Christ died after the flesh, those who were truly His mourned, but the world rejoiced at His Passion; and if, when death and corruption were rendered powerless by the Resurrection of our Saviour Christ from the dead, the mourning of the Saints was turned into joy, surely in like manner also the joy of the worldly-minded will be lost in sorrow.
21, 22 A woman when she is in travail hath sorrow, because her hour is come: but when she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no more the anguish, for the joy that a man is born into the world. And ye therefore now have sorrow: but I will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no one taketh from you.
He once more dilates upon the solace He had given them, and illustrates it by divers words, in every way aiding them to dispel the bitterness of their sorrow. For observe how earnestly He persuades them, by obvious illustration, of the necessity of endurance, and of not being over dismayed by troubles or sorrows, if they must surely and inevitably end in rejoicing. For the child, He says, is the fruit of sore travail; and it is through pain that the joy they have in their children comes to mothers. And if at the first they had felt |464 fainthearted at the prospect of the travail of childbirth, they would never have consented to conceive; but would rather have chosen to escape marriage, which is the cause, and would never have become mothers at all; avoiding by their cowardice a state which is highly desirable and thrice blest. In like manner then will your suffering also not fail to meet its reward. For you will rejoice when you see a new child born into the world, incorruptible and beyond the reach of death. Plainly He alludes to Himself here. He tells them that the joy of heart that they will have in Him cannot be taken away from them or lost. For, as Paul says, or rather as the Very Truth Itself implies, having died once for all, He dieth no more. The joy of heart then that rests upon Him hath in very truth a sure foundation. For, if we mourned at His death, who shall take from us our joy, now that we know that He lives and will be alive for evermore----He Who gives and ordains for us all spiritual blessings? No man then "taketh their joy" from the Saints, as our Saviour says; but they who nailed Him to the Cross were bereft of their joy once and for ever. For now that His suffering is ended, which they thought an occasion for rejoicing, sorrow will be their portion of inevitable necessity.
23, 24 And in that day ye shall ash Me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, If ye shall ask anything of the Father, He will give it you in My Name. Hitherto have ye asked nothing in My Name: ask, and ye shall receive, that your joy may be fulfilled.
He says that His holy disciples will increase in wisdom and knowledge when they should be clothed with power from on high according to the Scripture, and with their minds illumined by the torchlight of the Spirit should be able to conceive all wisdom, even though they asked no question of Him Who was no longer present with them in the flesh. The Saviour does not indeed say this because they will have no more |465 need of light from Him, but because when they had received His own Spirit, and had Him indwelling in their! hearts, they would have in their minds no lack of every good thing, and would be fulfilled with the most perfect knowledge. And by perfect knowledge we mean that which is correct and incapable of error, and which cannot endure to think or say any evil thing, and which has a right belief concerning the Holy and Consubstantial Trinity. For if we see now in a mirror darkly, and we know in part, still while we wander not astray from the doctrines of the truth but adhere to the spirit of the holy and inspired writings, the knowledge that we have is not imperfect, a knowledge which no man can acquire save by the light of the Holy Spirit given unto him. Hereby he exhorts the disciples to pray for spiritual graces, and at the same time gives them this encouragement----that what they ask they will not fail to obtain; adding the comforting assurance of the word "verily" to His promise that if they will go to the Father's throne and make any request, they will receive it of Him, He Himself acting as Mediator and leading them into the Father's Presence. For this is the meaning of the words in my Name; for we cannot draw nigh unto God the Father save by the Son alone. For through Him we have obtained access in One Spirit unto the Father, according to the Scripture. Therefore also He saith: I am the Door: I am the Way: no one cometh unto the Father but by Me. For inasmuch as the Son is also God, together with the Father He conveys good gifts to the Saints, and associates Himself with Him in granting us the portion of the blessed. Moreover, the inspired Paul most evidently confirms our belief herein by writing these words: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. And in right of His titles, Mediator, High Priest, and Advocate, He conveys to the Father prayers on our behalf, for He gives us all boldness to address the Father. In the Name then of Our Saviour Christ we must make our requests, for so |466 will the Father most readily grant them, and will give to those that ask good gifts, that we may take them and rejoice therein. So being fulfilled with spiritual graces, and enriched with the grant of knowledge from Him through the Holy Spirit dwelling in our hearts, we shall gain a very easy triumph over every strange and abominable lust; and thus being active in good works, and attaining to the practice of every virtue with fervent zeal, and strengthened with everything whatsoever that maketh for sanctification, we rejoice with exceeding joy at the prospect of the reward that awaits us; and, dismissing the despondency that springs from an evil conscience, we have our hearts enriched with the joy that is in Christ. This did not enter into the life of the men of old time; they never practised this manner of prayer, for they knew it not. But now is it ordained for us by Christ, at the appropriate season, when the time of the accomplishment of our redemption was fulfilled, and the perfect fruition of all good was gained for us by Him. For just as the Law accomplished nothing, and as righteousness according to the Law was incomplete, so also was the mode of prayer inculcated thereby.
25 These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs: the hour cometh when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but shall tell you plainly of the Father.
By proverbs He means language that is indistinct and does not bear its meaning on the surface, but is in some sort veiled by obscurities so subtle that He says His hearers could not very readily comprehend it; for this was the fashion of what was said in proverbs. What I have told you then, He says, I have told you as it were in proverbs and riddles, reserving for the fitting season which has not yet come, though it is drawing nigh, the revelation of these things beyond possibility of doubt. For the hour will indeed come, He says; that is, the proper time in which I shall in plain language expound to you the things that concern the Father's glory, and |467 implant in you a knowledge that surpasses human understanding. What that time would be, He did not tell them very clearly. We must surmise that He either meant that time when we were enriched with the knowledge that comes to us through the Spirit, Whom Christ Himself brought down to us after His Resurrection from the dead; or it may be the time to come after the end of the world, in which we shall behold unveiled and open to our gaze the glory of God, Who will Himself impart to us knowledge concerning Himself in perfect clearness. Therefore also Paul says, that prophecies shall be done away, and knowledge shall cease, having no other meaning in his mind than that which we have accepted for this passage. For we see in a mirror, and we know in part, as we just now said. But when that which is perfect is come, that which is in part shall be done away. How or in what manner this shall come to pass I will go on to explain, if you are willing to listen.
For, just as in the darkness of the night the bright beauty of the stars shines forth, each casting abroad its own ray of light, but when the sun arises with his radiant beams then that light which is but in part is done away, and the lustre of the stars waxes feeble and ineffective, in like manner I think also the knowledge that we now have will cease, and that which is in part will vanish away at that moment of time when the perfect light has come upon us, and sheds forth its radiancy, filling us with perfect knowledge of God. Then, when we are enabled to approach God in confidence, Christ will tell us the things which concern His Father. For now by shadows and illustrations, and various images and types deduced from different phases of human life, we feebly trace our steps to a vague uncertain knowledge, through the inherent weakness of our minds. Then, however, we shall stand in no need of any type or riddle or parable, but shall behold after a fashion, face to face and with unshackled mind, the fair vision of the Divine Nature of God the |468 Father, having seen the glory of Him Who proceeded from Him. For we shall see Him even as He is, according to the saying of John. For now we know Him in the perfection of the glory that belongs to His Divine Nature because of our humanity. But when the season of His incarnation is past, and the mystery of our redemption completely wrought out, henceforth He will be seen in His own glory and in the glory of God the Father. For being God by Nature, and thereby Consubstantial with His Father, He will surely enjoy equal honours with Him, and will shine henceforth in the glory of His Godhead.
26, 27 In that day ye shall ask in My Name: and I say not unto you that I will pray the Father for you; for the Father Himself loveth you, because ye have loved Me, and have believed that I came forth from the Father.
He suffers them not to ask for anything at all by prayer and supplication, except only in His Name. He promises, however, that His Father will very readily grant their requests, not indeed as induced thereto by the intercessions of the Son in His capacity as our Mediator and Advocate, but prompted by His own Will to be liberal in His dealings towards them, and making haste to shower upon those who love Christ the exceeding riches of His goodness, as though He were but paying them their due. And no man in his senses can think, nor can any one be so ignorant as to affirm, that the disciples or any others of the Saints stand in no need of the mediation of the Son in working out their own salvation. For all things proceed through Him from the Father in the Spirit, since He is the Advocate, as John saith, not for our sins only, but also for the whole world. And in saying this, He shows us too, to our profit, that very acceptable to God the Father is the honour and love which we have towards His Offspring. Not understanding this, the miserable people of the Jews did not shrink from assailing Him with intolerable |469 blasphemies, and sought to kill Him, according to the Scripture, because of the conversion of the mind of His believers from the obscure commandment of the Law to the clearness of the life according to the Gospel. For these wretched men said in their ignorance, or rather in their desire to sharpen their blasphemous tongues against Him, If this man were from God, He would not have broken the Sabbath day. He says then, that God the Father will very readily vouchsafe His favour to those who have undoubting faith, and are well assured that He came out from God the Father. For the Father will, as it were, He says, hail in advance, and anticipate, the request of the Mediator, and overwhelm with spiritual blessings the mind of those who have a right understanding concerning Me, and not according to the imaginations of those who are too much enamoured of the letter of the Law.
And by the words I came out from God, we must surmise that He means either I was begotten from, and manifested Myself out of, His Substance (the words being taken with reference to what goes before as to His existing in a sense independently of His Father but not altogether separately from Him; for the Father is in the Son, and the Son again by Nature in the Father); or we must take the words "I came out from," as meaning I became even as you are; that is, a Man, endued with your form and nature. For the peculiar nature of any being may be conceived of as the place from which it proceeds, when it is transformed into anything else and becomes what it was not before. We are indeed far from asserting that when He took the form of man even as ourselves, being at the same time truly the Only-begotten, He divested Himself of His Godhead. For He is the same yesterday, and today, yea and for ever. But when He took upon Himself a nature that was not His own, while at the same time He retained His peculiar attributes, He may be conceived of as having come forth from God, in a |470 sense appropriate to this passage. You may take, if you choose, the words I came forth from the Father, in yet another sense, as follows: The Pharisees, only apt in error, as I have already said, thought that Christ came before the world like one of the false prophets, with no mission from God, but of His own motion; inasmuch as they were accustomed to point out to those that went to Him, that Christ's teaching conflicted with the Law. And for this reason they considered Him guilty of disobedience, declaring that the keeping of the Law is most acceptable to God the Father, but it was broken by His teaching. They therefore rejected Christ as an enemy of God, and as having chosen to oppose the dispensation given to them from Him through Moses, and argued that He was for this reason an alien from God. But not so the blessed disciples. For they loved Him, and had their minds exalted above the madness of the Jews, and they had a genuine faith that He came out from God, as we have just been told. For this cause then were they beloved of the Father, and were requited, as it were, by receiving equal favour from Him. And if they who believe that the Son came out from God are very dear and acceptable to God the Father, surely they who are diseased with the contrary opinion are accursed and abominable in God's sight. And if God is very ready to hearken to those who love the Son, clearly He will not accept the prayers of His enemies; and this is what is said by the mouth of Isaiah to them: And when ye spread forth your hands to Me, I will hide Mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make many prayers I will not hear: your hands are full of blood.
28 I came out from the Father, and am come into the world: again, I leave the world, and go unto the Father.
Herein, then, in the fact that our Lord went back to the Father and returned with power to the place from which He knew that He had gone forth, is proof |471 clear and incontrovertible, that He was not one of the false prophets, and that He did not come to utter to us the promptings of man's private judgment, or to teach us doctrines contrary to the Father's Will, as the demented Jews ignorantly imagined. Granting then, (so a man might speak, wishing to combat the perverse opinions of the Jews) that He was not the true Christ, as you say. O Jews, and that without the approval of God the Father He introduced the teaching of the life according to the Gospel, showing that the commandment of the Law was now barren, and so profitless for the attainment of perfection in piety; (for you accuse Him as a Sabbath-breaker, and, when He did any wonderful works among you, you impiously said that He used to do them by Beelzebub the prince of the devils); how then was it that He ascended into heaven itself? How was it that the Father gave a share of His throne, and the angels threw open wide the gates of heaven, to Him Who combated His decrees as you say, and propounded doctrines contrary to the Will of the Sovereign of the Universe? Was His Ascension unobserved? Of a truth, great was the crowd of witnesses to whom the Divine and heavenly messenger spake the words: Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye looking into heaven? this Jesus, Which was received up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye beheld Him going into heaven. What hast thou, O Jews, to say in reply? Wilt thou not honour with obedience even the voice of an angel? Wilt thou not accept the testimony of the witnesses, though those who gazed upon the scene were many in number? And yet the Law says clearly, In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. How then any longer can the reproach of being a false prophet be brought with any justice against Him, Who of His own power returns to the Father in heaven? And will it not rather follow, by the convincing logic of facts, that we should entertain the firm conviction that He came from God, that is from the |472 Father, and is in fact no other than He Whom the Law and the prophets foretold unto us?
And when He says that He came into this world and again left the world and went to the Father, He does not mean that He either abandoned the Father when He became Man, nor that He abandoned the race of man when in His flesh He went to the Father; for He is truly God, and with His ineffable power filleth all things, and is not far from anything that exists.
29, 30 His disciples say unto Him, Lo, now speakest Thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. Now know we that Thou knowest all things, and needest not that any man should ask Thee: by this we believe that Thou earnest forth from God.
They marvel at the convincing nature of the proof He gives them, and are amazed at the clearness of His language, for without any concealment He made His speech to them right openly. They rejoice therefore at receiving a proof rid of all difficulty, and declare that His words have in them nothing hard to understand, but that His language here is so easily intelligible that it does not seem in the smallest degree to partake of the nature of a parable. And they get also this additional benefit: Since Thou knowest, they say, what is whispered in secret, and hast now given us this information in the words Thou hast just spoken, anticipating thereby the questions we might have asked in our desire to elicit it, we are persuaded that Thou art indeed come from God. For to know, they say, what is secret and hidden can belong to the God of all and to none other. And since Thou knowest all things of Thyself, is it not beyond question that Thou hast emanated from God that knoweth all things? So this truly Divine and marvellous sign also availed to nurture in the disciples with the rest undoubting faith, so that we can see in them the truth of the saying: Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser: teach a just man, and he will increase in learning. And they say, "Now are we sure;" |473 not meaning thereby that they then let into their minds the first beginning of faith when they heard these words and recognised the sign, I mean the omniscience of Christ; but rather that they began to establish firmly in their hearts the faith that had at first gained admittance there, and to attain a state of unalterable conviction that He was God, and sprang from the true and living God. We shall accept then the expression "Now are we sure," as referring not to the first beginning of faith, but to the occasion of its first being firmly settled in that apprehension of Christ's Nature now honoured with approval.
31, 32 Jesus answered them, Be ye now believe? Behold, the hour cometh, yea is now come, that ye shall be scattered every man to his own, and shall leave Me alone: and yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me.
The Saviour, however, very gently tells them that the time when they should be confirmed in all goodness was not yet; but that this would come to pass on the occasion of the descent of the Holy Ghost unto them from heaven and power from on high, according to the Scripture. For then, declaring that their human faintheartedness was perfected in strength, they were pre-eminent for their invincible hardihood, not fearing the risings of the Jews against them, nor the unbridled wrath of the Pharisees, nor any other peril, but showing themselves the champions of the Divine message, and openly declaring: We must obey God rather than men; for we cannot but speak the things which we saw and heard. While then He points out that they are not yet confirmed in perfect faith, through their not having partaken of communion with the Spirit; setting before them, as a proof, the cowardice that they would presently display; at the same time, by foretelling that this would shortly come to pass, He manifestly confers on them no small benefit. For they would be grounded more firmly in the faith, that He was by Nature God, when they had fully grasped the belief |474 that the future was in no way hid from Him. Behold then, He says, the time will shortly come, nay, is now at hand, when ye will leave Me alone and depart to your own. Herein He says indirectly, only by implication, that, overcome by unmanly cowardice, they would take thought only for their own lives; and, preferring their own safety to the affection they owed to their Master, would flee to the nearest place of refuge. How then "are ye now sure," when you have not yet quit yourselves of the reproach of imputations on your courage, because as yet you have no participation in the courage which is given by the Spirit? And that the blessed disciples betook themselves to flight and were terrified at the onslaught of the Jews, when the traitor appeared bringing with him the impious band of soldiers and the servants of the leaders, is beyond question. Then did they leave Christ alone; that is, with reference to the absence of all those who were wont to follow and attend upon Him: for He was not alone, insomuch as He was God, and of God, and in God, by Nature and indivisibly. Christ indeed says this, speaking rather as Man and for our sakes, with intent to teach us that when we are assailed by temptation, persecution, and such like, and are called to encounter some peril that may bring us glory, I mean in God's service, we are not therefore to be fainthearted about our ability to escape, because none of our brethren of kindred soul to us are running the race side by side with us, cheering us so far as in them lies, and all but sharing by their sympathy the danger which is imminent. For even if all these betake themselves to flight, gaining in their own persons an advantage over us by their cowardice which is grievous and hard to bear, we ought to bear in mind that God's arm will not be shortened on that account. For He will alone avail to save him that is faithful unto Him. For we are not alone; and, though we see no friend beside us, as I have just said, we have God Who is all powerful with us at our side, to aid and fight in the conflict, shielding us |475 with all-sufficient succour, as the Psalmist says: With favour hast Thou encompassed us as with a shield! We make these observations on this passage, not as considering love of life something honourable and worthy admiration, on occasions when we can bring our life in the body to a glorious end, fighting in the ranks with those who risk their lives for God's sake, but that we may rather be persuaded of this, that even though there be none willing and zealous to share the conflict with us, we ought not to be faint at heart, for we shall not be alone, for God is with us.
33 These things have I spoken unto you, that in Me ye may have peace. In the world ye have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.
Christ herein, so to say, well sums up to our profit His discourse to them; and, compressing into a few words the meaning of what He had said, sets before them in brief the knowledge of His Will. For I have now, He says, spoken these words unto you, exhorting you to have peace in Me, and that ye may also know clearly that you will meet with trouble in the world, and will be involved in many tribulations for My sake. But you will not be vanquished by the perils that encompass you, for I have overcome the world.
But that I may make what I have said as clear as possible unto you, come let me first explain what "having peace in Christ" means. For the world, or those who are enamoured of the things in the world, are continually at peace among themselves, but in nowise have they peace in Christ. As, for example, the dissolute seekers of the pleasures of sense are therefore most dear and acceptable to those of similar pursuits; and the man who covets riches that do not belong to him, and is for this reason grasping or thievish, will be altogether to the taste of those who practise a kindred vice. For every creature loves his kind, according to the saying, and man will be attracted to his like. But in all connexions |476 of this sort the holy name of peace is put to base uses; and the proverb is true, but it is not with the Saints as it is with the wicked. For sin is not the bond of peace, but faith, hope, love, and the power of piety towards God. And this is in Christ. The chiefest then of all good gifts towards us is clearly peace in Christ, which brings in its train brotherly love as near akin to itself. Paul says that love is the perfect fulfilling of the Divine Law; and that to those who love one another will surely come the love of God Himself above all things else is beyond question, as John says that if a man love his brother he will as a consequence love God Himself.
He points out also another truth, I mean in the words: In the world ye have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world. Any one choosing to construe these words in a simple sense might reason thus: Christ appeared superior to, and stronger than, every sin and worldly hindrance; and since He has conquered, He will also bestow the power to conquer upon such as attempt the struggle for His sake. And if any man seek to find a more recondite meaning for the words, he might reflect in this wise: Just as we have hereby overcome corruption and death, since as Man, for us and for our sakes Christ became alive again, making His own Resurrection the beginning of the conquest over death, the power of His Resurrection will surely extend even unto us, since He that overcame death was one of us, insomuch as He was Incarnate Man; and as we overcome sin, and as we overcome death that wholly died in Christ first, Christ, that is, being the purveyor to us of the blessing as His own kindred, so also we ought to be of good cheer, because we shall overcome the world; for Christ as Man overcame it for our sakes, being herein the Beginning and the Gate and the Way for the race of man. For they who once were fallen and vanquished have now overcome and are conquerors, through Him Who conquered as one of ourselves, and for |477 our sakes. For if He conquered as God, then it profiteth us nothing; but if as man, we are herein conquerors. For He is to us the Second Adam come from heaven, according to the Scripture. Just as then we have borne the image of the earthy, according to its likeness falling under the yoke of sin, so likewise also shall we bear the image of the heavenly, that is Christ, overcoming the power of sin and triumphing over all the tribulation of the world; for Christ has overcome the world.
EXPLANTION BY SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM

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John 16:20
Verily, verily, I say unto you, That you shall weep and lament—which belonged to the Death and the Cross—but the world shall rejoice.
Because by reason of their not desiring His death, they quickly ran into the belief that He would not die, and then when they heard that He would die, cast about, not knowing what that little meant, He says, You shall mourn and lament.
But your sorrow shall be turned into joy. Then having shown that after grief comes joy, and that grief genders joy, and that grief is short, but the pleasure endless, He passes to a common example; and what says He?
John 16:21
A woman when she is in travail has sorrow.
And He has used a comparison which the Prophets also use continually, likening despondencies to the exceeding pains of childbirth. But what He says is of this kind: Travail pains shall lay hold on you, but the pang of childbirth is the cause of joy; both confirming His words relative to the Resurrection, and showing that the departing hence is like passing from the womb into the light of day. As though He had said, Marvel not that I bring you to your advantage through such sorrow, since even a mother to become a mother, passes in like manner through pain. Here also He implies something mystical, that He has loosened the travail pangs of death, and caused a new man to be born of them. And He said not, that the pain shall pass away only, but, she does not even remember it, so great is the joy which succeeds; so also shall it be with the Saints. And yet the woman does not rejoice because a man has come into the world, but because a son has been born to her; since, had this been the case, nothing would have hindered the barren from rejoicing over another who bears. Why then spoke He thus? Because He introduced this example for this purpose only, to show that sorrow is for a season, but joy lasting: and to show that (death) is a translation unto life; and to show the great profit of their pangs. He said not, a child has been born, but, A man. For to my mind He here alludes to His own Resurrection, and that He should be born not unto that death which bare the birth-pang, but unto the Kingdom. Therefore He said not, a child has been born unto her, but, A man has been born into the world.
John 16:22-23
And ye now therefore have sorrow—[but I will see you again, and your sorrow shall be turned into joy]. Then, to show that He shall die no more, He says, And no man takes it from you. And in that day you shall ask Me nothing.
Again He proves nothing else by these words, but that He is from God. For then you shall for the time to come know all things. But what is, You shall not ask Me? You shall need no intercessor, but it is sufficient that you call on My Name, and so gain all things.
Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever you shall ask My Father in My Name.
He shows the power of His Name, if at least being neither seen nor called upon, but only named, He even makes us approved by the Father. But where has this taken place? Where they say, Lord, behold their threatenings, and grant unto Your servants that with boldness they may speak Your word Acts 4:29-31, and work miracles in Your Name. And the place was shaken where they were.
John 16:24
Hitherto you have asked nothing.
2. Hence He shows it to be good that He should depart, if hitherto they had asked nothing, and if then they should receive all things whatsoever they should ask. For do not suppose, because I shall no longer be with you, that you are deserted; My Name shall give you greater boldness. Since then the words which He had used had been veiled, He says,
John 16:25
These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs, but the time comes when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs.
There shall be a time when you shall know all things clearly. He speaks of the time of the Resurrection. Then,
I shall tell you plainly of the Father.
(For He was with them, and talked with them forty days, being assembled with them, and speaking of the things concerning the kingdom of God Acts 1:3-4)— because now being in fear, you give no heed to My words; but then when you see Me risen again, and converse with Me, you will be able to learn all things plainly, for the Father Himself will love you, when your faith in Me has been made firm.
John 16:26
And I will not ask the Father.
Your love for Me suffices to be your advocate.
John 16:27-28
Because you have loved Me, and have believed that I came out from God. I came forth from the Father, and have come into the world; again I leave the world, and go to the Father.
For since His discourse concerning the Resurrection, and together with this, the hearing that I came out from God, and there I go, gave them no common comfort, He continually handles these things. He gave a pledge, in the first place, that they were right in believing on Him; in the second, that they should be in safety. When therefore He said, A little while, and you shall not see Me; and again a little while, and you shall see Me John 16:17, they with reason did not understand Him. But now it is no longer so. What then is, You shall not ask Me? You shall not say, 'Show us the Father,' and, 'Where are You going?' for you shall know all knowledge, and the Father shall be disposed towards you even as I am. It was this especially which made them breathe again, the learning that they should be the Father's friends wherefore they say,
John 16:30
Now we know that You know all things.
Do you see that He made answer to what was secretly harboring in their minds?
And needest not that any man should ask You.
That is, Before hearing, You know the things which made us stumble, and You have given us rest, since You have said, 'The Father loves you, because you have loved Me.' After so many and so great matters, they say, Now we know. Do you see in what an imperfect state they were? Then, when, as though conferring a favor upon Him, they say, Now we know, He replies, You still require many other things to come to perfection; nothing is as yet achieved by you. You shall presently betray Me to My enemies, and such fear shall seize you, that you shall not even be able to retire one with another, yet from this I shall suffer nothing dreadful. Do you see again how con descending His speech is? And indeed He makes this a charge against them, that they continually needed condescension. For when they say, Lo, now You speak plainly, and speakest no parable John 16:29, and therefore we believe You, He shows them that now, when they believe, they do not yet believe, neither does He accept their words. This He says, referring them to another season. But the,
John 16:32
The Father is with Me.
He has again put on their account; for this they everywhere wished to learn. Then, to show that He did not give them perfect knowledge by saying this, but in order that their reason might not rebel, (for it was probable that they might form some human ideas, and think that they should not enjoy any assistance from Him,) He says,
John 16:33
These things I have spoken unto you, that in Me ye might have peace.
That is, that you should not cast Me from your thoughts, but receive Me. Let no one, then, drag these words into a doctrine; they are spoken for our comfort and love. For not even when we suffer such things as I have mentioned shall your troubles stop there, but as long as you are in the world you shall have sorrow, not only now when I am betrayed, but also afterwards. But rouse your minds, for you shall suffer nothing terrible. When the master has gotten the better of his enemies, the disciples must not despond. And how, tell me, have You 'conquered the world'? I have told you already, that I have cast down its ruler, but you shall know hereafter, when all things yield and give place to you.
3. But it is permitted to us also to conquer, looking to the Author of our faith, and walking on that road which He cut for us. So neither shall death get the mastery of us. What then, shall we not die? says some one. Why, from this very thing it is clear that he shall not gain the mastery over us. The champion truly will then be glorious, not when he has not closed with his opponent, but when having closed he is not holden by him. We therefore are not mortal, because of our struggle with death, but immortal, because of our victory; then should we have been mortal, had we remained with him always. As then I should not call the longest-lived animals immortal, although they long remain free from death, so neither him who shall rise after death mortal, because he is dissolved by death. For, tell me, if a man blush a little, should we say that he was continually ruddy? Not so, for the action is not a habit. If one become pale, should we call him jaundiced? No, for the affection is but temporary. And so you would not call him mortal, who has been for but a short time in the hands of death. Since in this way we may speak of those who sleep, for they are dead, so to say, and without action. But does death corrupt our bodies? What of that? It is not that they may remain in corruption, but that they be made better. Let us then conquer the world, let us run to immortality, let us follow our King, let us too set up a trophy, let us despise the world's pleasures. We need no toil to do so; let us transfer our souls to heaven, and all the world is conquered. If you desire it not, it is conquered; if you deride it, it is worsted. Strangers are we and sojourners, let us then not grieve at any of its painful things. For if, being sprung from a renowned country, and from illustrious ancestors, you had gone into some distant land, being known to no one, having with you neither servants nor wealth, and then some one had insulted you, you would not grieve as though you had suffered these things at home. For the knowing clearly that you were in a strange and foreign land, would persuade you to bear all easily, and to despise hunger, and thirst, and any suffering whatever. Consider this also now, that you are a stranger and a sojourner, and let nothing disturb you in this foreign land; for you have a City whose Artificer and Creator is God, and the sojourning itself is but for a short and little time. Let whoever will strike, insult, revile; we are in a strange land, and live but meanly; the dreadful thing would be, to suffer so in our own country, before our fellow citizens, then is the greatest unseemliness and loss. For if a man be where he had none that knows him, he endures all easily, because insult becomes more grievous from the intention of those who offer it. For instance, if a man insult the governor, knowing that he is governor, then the insult is bitter; but if he insult, supposing him to be a private man, he cannot even touch him who undergoes the insult. So let us reason also. For neither do our revilers know what we are, as, that we are citizens of heaven, registered for the country which is above, fellow-choristers of the Cherubim. Let us not then grieve nor deem their insult to be insult; had they known, they would not have insulted us. Do they deem us poor and mean? Neither let us count this an insult. For tell me, if a traveler having got before his servants, were sitting a little space in the inn waiting for them, and then the innkeeper, or some travelers, should behave rudely to him, and revile him, would he not laugh at the other's ignorance? Would not their mistake rather give him pleasure? Would he not feel a satisfaction as though not he but some one else were insulted? Let us too behave thus. We too sit in an inn, waiting for our friends who travel the same road; when we are all collected, then they shall know whom they insult. These men then shall hang their heads; then they shall say, This is he whom we fools had in derision. Wisdom 5:3
4. With these two things then let us comfort ourselves, that we are not insulted, for they know not who we are, and that, if we wish to obtain satisfaction, they shall hereafter give us a most bitter one. But God forbid that any should have a soul so cruel and inhuman. What then if we be insulted by our kinsmen? For this is the burdensome thing. Nay, this is the light thing. Why, pray? Because we do not bear those whom we love when they insult us, in the same way as we bear those whom we do not know. For instance, in consoling those who have been injured, we often say, It is a brother who has injured you, bear it nobly; it is a father; it is an uncle. But if the name of father and brother puts you to shame, much more if I name to you a relationship more intimate than these; for we are not only brethren one to another, but also members, and one body. Now if the name of brother shame you, much more that of member. Have you not heard that Gentile proverb, which says, that it behooves to keep friends with their defects? Have you not heard Paul say, Bear ye one another's burdens? Do you see not lovers? For I am compelled, since I cannot draw an instance from you, to bring my discourse to that ground of argument. This also Paul does, thus saying, Furthermore we have had fathers in our flesh, which corrected us, and we gave them reverence. Hebrews 12:9 Or rather, that is more apt which he says to the Romans, As you have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity, even so now yield your members servants to righteousness. For this reason let us confidently keep hold of the illustration. Now do you not observe lovers, what miseries these suffer when inflamed with desire for harlots, cuffed, beaten, and laughed at, enduring a harlot, who turns away from and insults them in ten thousand ways; yet if they see but once anything sweet or gentle, all is well to do with them, all former things are gone, all goes on with a fair wind, be it poverty, be it sickness, be it anything else besides these. For they count their own life as miserable or blessed, according as they may have her whom they love disposed towards them. They know nothing of mortal honor or disgrace, but even if one insult, they bear all easily through the great pleasure and delight which they receive from her; and though she revile, though she spit in their face, they think, when they are enduring this, that they are being pelted with roses. And what wonder, if such are their feelings as to her person? For her very house they think to be more splendid than any, though it be but of mud, though it be falling down. But why speak I of walls? When they even see the places which they frequent in the evening, they are excited. Allow me now for what follows to speak the word of the Apostle. As he says, As you have yielded your members servants to uncleanness, so yield your members servants unto righteousness; so in like manner now I say, as we have loved these women, let us love one another, and we shall not think that we suffer anything terrible. And why say I, one another? Let us so love God. Do ye shudder, when you hear that I require as much love in the case of God, as we have shown towards a harlot? But I shudder that we do not show even thus much. And, if you will, let us go on with the argument, though what is said be very painful. The woman beloved promises her lovers nothing good, but dishonor, shame, and insolence. For this is what the waiting upon a harlot makes a man, ridiculous, shameful, dishonored. But God promises us heaven, and the good things which are in heaven; He has made us sons, and brethren of the Only-begotten, and has given you ten thousand things while living, and when you die, resurrection, and promises that He will give us such good things as it is not possible even to imagine, and makes us honored and revered. Again, that woman compels her lovers to spend all their substance for the pit and for destruction; but God bids us sow the heaven, and gives us an hundred-fold, and eternal life. Again, she uses her lover like a slave, giving commands more hardly than any tyrant; but God says, I no longer call you servants, but friends. John 15:15
5. Have ye seen the excess both of the evils here and the blessings there ? What then comes next? For this woman's sake, many lie awake, and whatever she commands, readily obey; give up house, and father, and mother, and friends, and money, and patronage, and leave all that belongs to them in want and desolation; but for the sake of God, or rather for the sake of ourselves, we often do not choose to expend even the third portion of our substance, but we look on the hungry, we overlook him, and run past the naked, and do not even bestow a word upon him. But the lovers, if they see but a little servant girl of their mistress, and her a barbarian, they stand in the middle of the market-place, and talk with her, as if they were proud and glad to do so, unrolling an interminable round of words; and for her sake they count all their living as nothing, deem rulers and rule nothing, (they know it, all who have had experience of the malady,) and thank her more when she commands, than others when they serve. Is there not with good reason a hell? Are there not with good reason ten thousand punishments? Let us then become sober, let us apply to the service of God as much, or half, or even the third part of what others supply to the harlot. Perhaps again ye shudder; for so do I myself. But I would not that you should shudder at words only, but at the actions; as it is, here indeed our hearts are made orderly, but we go forth and cast all away. What then is the gain? For there, if it be required to spend money, no one laments his poverty, but even borrows it to give, perchance, when smitten. But here, if we do but mention almsgiving, they pretend to us children, and wife, and house, and patronage, and ten thousand excuses. But, says some one, the pleasure is great there. This it is that I lament and mourn. What if I show that the pleasure here is greater? For there shame, and insult, and expense, cut away no little of the pleasure, and after these the quarreling and enmity; but here there is nothing of the kind. What is there, tell me, equal to this pleasure, to sit expecting heaven and the kingdom there, and the glory of the saints, and the life that is endless? But these things, says some one, are in expectation, the others in experience. What kind of experience? Will you that I tell you the pleasures which are here also by experience? Consider what freedom you enjoy, and how you fear and tremblest at no man when you live in company with virtue, neither enemy, nor plotter, nor informer, nor rival in credit or in love, nor envious person, nor poverty, nor sickness, nor any other human thing. But there, although ten thousand things be according to your mind, though riches flow in as from a fountain, yet the war with rivals, and the plots, and ambuscades, will make more miserable than any the life of him who wallows with those women. For when that abominable one is haughty, and insolent, you needs must kindle quarrel to flatter her. This therefore is more grievous than ten thousand deaths, more intolerable than any punishment. But here there is nothing of the kind. For the fruit, it says, of the Spirit is love, joy, peace. Galatians 5:22 Here is no quarreling, nor unseasonable pecuniary expense, nor disgrace and expense too; and if you give but a farthing, or a loaf, or a cup of cold water, He will be much beholden to you, and He does nothing to pain or grieve you, but all so as to make you glorious, and free you from all shame. What defense therefore shall we have, what pardon shall we gain, if, leaving these things, we give ourselves up to the contrary, and voluntarily cast ourselves into the furnace that burns with fire? Wherefore I exhort those who are sick of this malady, to recover themselves, and return to health, and not allow themselves to fall into despair. Since that son also was in a far more grievous state than this, yet when he returned to his father's house, he came to his former honor, and appeared more glorious than him who had ever been well-pleasing. Let us also imitate him, and returning to our Father, even though it be late, let us depart from that captivity, and transfer ourselves to freedom, that we may enjoy the Kingdom of heaven, through the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom with the Father and the Holy Ghost be glory, for ever and ever. Amen.







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EXPLICATION PAR SAINT JEAN CHRYSOSTOME

HOMÉLIE LXXIX.
ENCORE UN PEU DE TEMPS , ET VOUS NE ME VERREZ PLUS ; ET ENCORE UN PEU DE TEMPS, ET VOUS ME VERREZ. — SUR CELA, QUELQUES-UNS DE SES DISCIPLES SE DIRENT LES UNS AUX AUTRES : QUE VEUT-IL DIRE PAR LA : ENCORE UN PEU DE TEMPS? ET LE RESTE. (VERS. 16, 47, JUSQU'À LA FIN DU CHAPITRE XVI.)
ANALYSE.
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1. Jésus-Christ afflige ses disciples en leur disant qu'il va bientôt les quitter, il leur prédit qu'ils seront dans une grande angoisse, mais courte, et qui se changera en une joie qui ne finira plus.
2. On obtient du Père tout ce qu'on lui demande au nom de Jésus-Christ.
3-5. Comment on petit vaincre le monde. — La mort ne rend point l'homme mortel : la victoire le rend immortel. — On ne peut point dire mortel celui qui doit ressusciter après sa mort. — Distinguer l'habitude de ce qui est passager. — La mort n'étant que pour un temps, ne doit point être appelée une mort : autrement dormir, c'est mourir. — La corruption du corps s'empêche point sa résurrection, puisqu'il sera revêtu de l'incorruptibilité. — Moyens de vaincre le monde. — Considérations qui nous doivent faire mépriser les peines et les afflictions de cette vie : nous sommes dans une terre étrangère, éloignés de cotre patrie. — Ce qui rend une offense plus ou moins grande. — Celui qui nous offense ne nous tonnait point, cela rend l'offense légère ; quand il saura qui nous sommes, il s'accusera de folie. — Vouloir se venger, c'est ajouter sa vengeance aux vengeances divines ; cruauté qu'il y a eu cela. — L'injure d'un ami ne nous blesse point tant que celle d'un inconnu ; raison de cela : nous sommes les membres les uns des autres et un seul corps. — Ancien proverbe : supporter ses amis avec leurs défauts. — Description de ce que les amants souffrent des femmes débauchées, pour servir d'exemple de ce qu'on doit souffrir et des amis, et pour Dieu. — S'aimer les uns les autres. — Aimer Dieu comme l'on a aimé sa maîtresse. — Différence entre (amour de Dieu et l'amour d'une femme prostituée. — Maux qu'attire à l'homme l'amour d'une femme débauchée ; biens que lui procure l'amour de Dieu. — On fait plus pour une maîtresse que pour Dieu et pour soi. — Dureté qu'on a pour les pauvres. — Belle exhortation à l'aumône. — Différence de la vie spirituelle et de la vie charnelle et voluptueuse.
1. Rien n'abat une âme accablée de douleur et de tristesse comme d'entendre souvent répéter les paroles qui causent sa tristesse et sa douleur. Pourquoi donc Jésus-Christ, ayant dit: " Je m'en vais ", et : " Je ne vous parlerai plus ", répète-t-il souvent ces paroles: " Encore un peu de temps, et vous ne me verrez il plus " ; et : " Je m'en vais à celui qui m'a envoyé ? " Après avoir consolé et réjoui ses disciples par la promesse du Saint-Esprit, il les jette encore dans l'abattement. Pourquoi le Sauveur fait-il donc cela ? Il sonde leur coeur et les met à une plus grande épreuve, et il les accoutume sagement à entendre dans la paix et la docilité les paroles tristes et affligeantes, afin qu'ils supportent ensuite son départ avec courage et avec fermeté. Les disciples ayant eu tout le temps de réfléchir sur ce que leur Maître leur avait prédit, devaient véritablement ensuite souffrir la séparation avec plus de facilité. Que si l'on examine avec soin ses paroles, on y trouvera une consolation en ce qu'il dit " Je m'en vais à mon Père ". Il leur fait connaître qu'il ne périra point, mais que sa mort sera seulement un passage, une translation. Le Seigneur leur donne encore une autre consolation, car il ne dit pas simplement : " Encore un peu de temps, et vous ne me verrez plus " ; mais il a ajouté aussi : " Encore un peu de temps, et vous me verrez " ; marquant qu'il reviendrait, que la séparation ne serait pas longue, et qu'ensuite il demeurerait toujours avec eux; mais certainement ils ne le comprirent pas. Et on a raison de s'étonner, qu'ayant souvent entendu ces choses, ils ne les aient pas plus comprises que si on ne leur en avait jamais parlé.
Mais pourquoi les disciples ne les ont-ils pas comprises? C'est, ou à cause de leur tristesse, comme je le pense, car la tristesse effaçait toutes ces paroles de leur mémoire, ou à cause de leur obscurité; de sorte que ce qui [498] véritablement ne se contredisait point en soi, leur paraissait se contredire. Où allez-vous, disent-ils, pour que nous vous puissions voir? Si vous vous en allez, comment vous verrons-nous? Voilà pourquoi ils disaient : " Nous ne savons ce qu'il veut dire (18) ". Ils savaient qu'il devait s'en alter, mais qu'il dût revenir peu après, c'est là ce qu'ils ignorent. Voilà pourquoi le Sauveur les reprend de ne l'avoir pas compris; et, voulant leur inculquer dans l'esprit la foi dans sa mort, il leur dit : " En vérité, en vérité, je vous le dis : vous pleurerez et vous gémirez ", à savoir: sur ma croix, sur ma mort; " mais le monde se réjouira (20) ". Comme les disciples, ne voulant point que leur Maître mourût, se portaient facilement à croire qu'il ne mourrait point, et comme ils étaient dans le doute, ne sachant pas ce que voulait dire cette parole : " Encore un peu de temps ", Jésus-Christ dit : " Vous pleurerez et vous gémirez, mais votre tristesse se changera en joie ".
Jésus-Christ ensuite, après avoir déclaré à ses disciples que la joie succéderait à leur tristesse, que de leur affliction naîtrait leur consolation, qu'il ne serait absent que pour un peu de temps, et que leur joie serait perpétuelle, passe à un exemple commun et trivial. Et que dit-il? " Une femme, lorsqu'elle en" tante, est dans la douleur (21) ". Les prophètes aussi se sont souvent servis de cet exemple, comparant la tristesse aux douleurs de l'enfantement. Mais voici ce que veut dire le Sauveur : Vous serez comme attaqués des douleurs de l'enfantement, mais la douleur de l'enfantement est un sujet de joie; par cette comparaison il confirme sa prochaine résurrection, et il montre que mourir, c'est la même chose que sortir du sein d'une femme pour entrer dans une brillante lumière; c'est comme s'il disait : Ne vous étonnez pas que par cette tristesse je vous amène à une heureuse issue, puisqu'une femme ne devient mère que par la douleur.
Le Seigneur nous découvre encore ici un mystère, à savoir: qu'il a détruit la mort, qu'il lui a ôté tout ce qu'elle avait d'âpre et d'amer, et qu'il a régénéré l'homme et en a fait un homme nouveau. Au reste, il n'a pas seulement dit que la tristesse passerait, il n'en fait même pas mention, tant sera grande la joie qui lui doit succéder : c'est là aussi ce qui arrivera aux saints. Mais encore: une femme ne se réjouit point de ce qu'il est venu un homme au monde, elle se réjouit seulement quand c'est elle qui a mis un homme au monde. Si une femme se réjouissait de ce qu'il est venu un homme au monde, rien n'empêcherait que celles qui n'enfantent point ne se réjouissent de la fécondité de celles qui enfantent. Pourquoi donc Jésus-Christ s'est-il servi de cet exemple? Parce qu'il a seulement voulu montrer que la douleur ne durerait qu'un peu de temps; mais que la joie serait perpétuelle, que la mort n'était qu'un passage à la vie, et que les douleurs de l'enfantement produiraient un grand fruit et un grand avantage. Et le Sauveur n'a point dit : Il est né un enfant, mais : Il est né un homme; voulant, par cette façon de s'exprimer, nous faire entendre qu'il parle de sa résurrection et que le nouvel homme ne serait point sujet à la mort, mais qu'il naîtrait pour vivre et pour régner éternellement. Voilà donc pourquoi il n'a point dit : Il est né un enfant, mais : Il est né un homme au monde.
" C'est ainsi que vous serez maintenant dans la tristesse, mais je vous verrai de nouveau, et votre tristesse se changera en joie (22) ". Ensuite, pour faire voir qu'il ne mourra plus (1), il dit: " Et personne ne vous ravira votre joie. En ce jour-là vous ne m'interrogerez plus sur rien (23) ". Jésus-Christ, par ces paroles, ne déclare autre chose, sinon qu'il est envoyé de Dieu; alors vous saurez toutes choses. Mais que veut dire ceci : " Vous ne m'interrogerez point ? " Vous n'avez pas besoin de médiateur, mais il vous suffira de prononcer seulement mon nom pour obtenir tout ce que vous demanderez; en quoi Jésus-Christ fait connaître la vertu et la puissance de son nom, puisque, sans qu'on le voie, sans qu'on le prie, la seule invocation de son nom met les hommes en crédit auprès du Père. Mais quand cela est-il arrivé? Lorsque les apôtres disaient : " Seigneur, considérez leurs menaces, et donnez à vos serviteurs la force d'annoncer votre parole avec une entière liberté, et le pouvoir de faire des merveilles et des prodiges en votre nom; et le lieu où ils étaient trembla ". (Act. IV, 29.)
" Jusques ici , vous n'avez rien demandé (24) ". Le Sauveur fait de nouveau connaître
1. Saint Paul dit de même : Nous savons que Jésus-Christ étant ressuscité d'entre les morts ne mourra plus. et que la mort n'aura plus d'empire sue lui. Car, quant à ce qu'il est mort , il est mort seulement une fois pour le pécha; mais quant à la vie qu'il a maintenant, il vit pour Dieu. (Rom. VI, 9, 10.)
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à ses disciples qu'il leur est utile qu'il s'en aille, puisque jusqu'à ce temps ils n'ont rien demandé, et que quand il se sera en allé, ils obtiendront tout ce qu'ils demanderont. Encore que désormais je ne doive plus demeurer avec vous, ne vous croyez pas pour cela abandonnés; mon nom vous donnera une plus grande confiance et un plus grand pouvoir.
2. Et comme ces paroles étaient un peu obscures, il y ajoute: " Je vous ai dit ces choses en paraboles. L'heure vient en laquelle je ne vous entretiendrai plus en paraboles (25) ". Il viendra un temps auquel vous entendrez tous clairement toutes ces choses (ce temps, c'est celui de sa résurrection). Alors je vous parlerai ouvertement de mon Père. (Act. I, 3.) Et en effet, Jésus-Christ a demeuré quarante jours avec ses apôtres, conversant, mangeant avec eux, et leur expliquant ce qui regarde le royaume de Dieu. Maintenant, la crainte dont vous êtes prévenus ne vous permet pas de faire attention à ce que je vous dis, mais alors, tue voyant ressuscité et au milieu de vous, vous pourrez apprendre toutes choses avec une entière liberté, parce que mon Père lui-même vous aimera, lorsque vous aurez en moi une foi plus vive et plus ferme.
" Et je ne prierai point mon Père (26) ". L'amour que vous avez pour moi suffit pour vous obtenir sa protection. " Car mon Père a vous aime lui-même, parce que vous m'avez aimé, et que vous avez cru que je suis sorti de mon Père (27). Et je suis venu dans le monde, maintenant je laisse le monde, et je m'en retourne à mon Père (28) ". Comme le seul mot de résurrection, et ainsi cette parole de leur Maître, qu'il était sorti du Père et qu'il y retournerait; comme, dis-je, ces choses ne consolaient pas peu les disciples, le divin Sauveur les leur répète souvent; il leur assurait l'une parce qu'ils croyaient sincèrement en lui, et l'autre pour leur montrer qu'ils devaient être en repos et ne. rien craindre. Lors donc qu'il leur disait : " Encore un peu de " temps, et vous ne me verrez plus, et encore " un peu de temps, et vous me verrez ", il était naturel qu'ils ne comprissent pas ce qu'il voulait dire; mais, à l'égard de ces dernières paroles . " Qu'il ressusciterait, qu'il était sorti du Père, qu'il y retournerait ", il n'en était pas de même, ils les comprenaient fort bien.
Que signifient ces mots : " Vous ne m'interrogerez plus? " C'est comme s'il disait
Vous ne me direz plus: " Montrez-nous votre Père ". Et : " Où allez-vous? " parce que vous serez remplis de toutes sortes de connaissances, et que mon Père vous aimera comme je vous aime. C'est principalement cette promesse de l'amour et de l'affection du Père qui leur donna une bonne espérance et les fortifia; voilà pourquoi ils disent : " Nous voyons bien à présent que vous savez toutes choses (30) ". Ne le remarquez-vous pas, mes frères, que le Sauveur parlait à ses disciples selon les sentiments et les dispositions qu'il voyait dans leur coeur ? " Et que vous n'avez pas besoin que personne vous interroge " ; c'est-à-dire, vous voyez ce qui nous trouble, avant même que nous ouvrions la bouche pour vous le déclarer, et vous nous avez tous réjouis et consolés, en nous disant : " Mon Père vous aime lui-même parce que vous m'avez aimé ". Après tant et de si grandes choses, qu'ils ont vues ou entendues, ils disent donc enfin : " Nous voyons ". Vous le voyez aussi, mes frères, combien ils étaient grossiers.
Ensuite, comme c'est par forme d'action de grâces qu'ils disent : " Nous voyons ", le Sauveur leur réplique : Vous êtes encore bien éloignés de la perfection ; pour y atteindre, vous avez besoin de beaucoup d'autres choses, il ne sort de votre bouche encore rien de parfait. Et maintenant, vous allez m'abandonner à mes ennemis, et vous serez saisis d'une si grande peur, que vous n'oserez même pas vous en aller ensemble; mais cela ne me fera aucun tort ni préjudice. Ne voyez-vous pas combien le Sauveur tempère encore son discours, pour le proportionner à leur faiblesse ? Aussi leur reproche-t-il d'avoir constamment besoin d'excuse et d'indulgence. Comme ils lui disaient : " Vous parlez maintenant tout ouvertement, et vous n'usez d'aucunes paraboles, c'est pour cela que nous vous croyons"; il leur fait voir que lors même qu'ils s'imaginaient croire, ils ne croyaient point encore; il leur déclare qu'ils ne recevaient point leur confession de foi ; il dit cela pour les renvoyer à un autre temps.
" Mon Père est avec moi (32) ". C'est encore pour ses disciples que le Sauveur le dit. Et il a toujours eu une grande attention à le leur apprendre et à le leur bien inculquer. Ensuite , pour leur montrer qu'en disant ces choses il ne leur a pas encore donné cette [500] parfaite connaissance, " qu'ils n'auront que dans la suite ", et qu'il ne leur a parlé de la sorte que pour les empêcher de se tourmenter l'esprit par des raisonnements, car il y a apparence qu'ils avaient quelques pensées humaines et qu'ils craignaient de ne recevoir aucun secours de lui, il dit : " Je vous ai dit ces choses, afin que vous trouviez la paix en moi " (33) ; c'est-à-dire, afin que je ne sois pas effacé de votre coeur, mais qu'au contraire j'y demeure toujours profondément gravé. Qu'aucun de vous ne prenne donc ces choses pour des dogmes, je ne les ai dites que pour votre consolation et pour vous exhorter à la fidélité et à l'amour. Vous n'aurez pas toujours à souffrir, vos afflictions s'apaiseront enfin. Mais tant que vous serez dans le monde, vous aurez à supporter bien des peines et des travaux, non-seulement à présent que je vais être livré à mes ennemis, mais encore dans la suite. Prenez courage et ayez confiance. Vos souffrances seront légères; le Maître ayant vaincu les ennemis, les disciples ne doivent point désespérer. Mais permettez-nous, Seigneur, de vous le demander, comment avez-vous vaincu le monde? Je vous l'ai déjà dit, que j'en ai précipité le prince dans l'abîme, et vous le connaîtrez dans la suite, lorsque tout le monde vous sera soumis et vous obéira.
3. Nous pouvons nous-mêmes aussi, mes frères, nous pouvons vaincre le monde, si nous voulons jeter les yeux sur l'auteur de notre foi, et marcher dans le chemin qu'il nous a frayé. Marchons-y, et la mort même ne nous vaincra point. Quoi donc ! direz-vous, est-ce que nous ne mourrons point? C'est alors qu'il serait évident que la mort ne nous vaincra point. Un guerrier se rend illustre, non en ne combattant point son ennemi, mais en le terrassant dans le combat. Donc, ce n'est pas à cause du combat qu'on est mortel, mais c'est à cause de la victoire qu'on devient immortel. C'est si nous demeurions toujours sous l'empire de la mort que nous serions mortels. Comme je ne dirai point immortels les animaux qui ont une très-longue vie, encore qu'avant que de mourir ils vivent longtemps, de même aussi je ne dirai point mortel celui qui doit ressusciter après sa mort. Dites-moi , je vous prie, si quelqu'un rougit un moment, dirons-nous pour cela qu'il est toujours rouge ? Non, certes, car ce n'est point là une rougeur habituelle et permanente. Si quelqu'un pâlit, dirons-nous pour cela qu'il ait la jaunisse? Nullement: car sa maladie est passagère. Ne dites donc pas mortel celui qui n'est mort que pour un peu de temps. Si vous le dites mort, ceux qui dorment, dites-les aussi morts : ils sont, pour ainsi dire, morts, puisqu'ils n'agissent point; mais la mort corrompt les corps. Et que fait cela? Ils ne meurent pas pour demeurer dans la corruption, mais pour devenir incorruptibles.
Vainquons donc le monde; courons à l'immortalité. Suivons notre roi; dressons-lui des trophées, méprisons les voluptés : ce n'est point là un grand travail. Elevons nos esprits et nos coeurs au ciel, et dès lors nous aurons vaincu le monde. Ne le désirez point, et vous l'avez vaincu : riez-en, vous êtes victorieux. Nous sommes des voyageurs et des étrangers que rien ne nous inquiète donc, que rien ne nous afflige. En effet, si étant sorti d'une patrie florissante, et d'illustres parents, vous étiez allé dans un pays éloigné, ou inconnu à tout le inonde, sans enfants, sans richesses, quelqu'un vous fit un affront, vous n'auriez point tant de peine à le souffrir, que si vous étiez chez vous dans votre famille. Considérant alors que vous êtes dans une terre étrangère et éloignée, cela seul vous persuaderait aisément que vous devez tout souffrir, tout mépriser, et la, faim et la soif, et tous les autres accidents. Maintenant de même , faites cette réflexion, que vous êtes ici un étranger et un voyageur, afin que, vous regardant comme dans une terre étrangère, rien ne soit capable de vous troubler.
Et certes, vous avez une cité dont Dieu est lui-même le créateur et l'architecte : ce monde-ci n'est qu'un lieu de pèlerinage, et où vous n'avez que très-peu de temps à demeurer. Nous frappe, nous charge d'injures et d'outrages qui voudra, nous sommes dans une terre étrangère, où nous vivons à peu de frais. Véritablement il nous serait dur d'avoir à souffrir de même dans notre patrie, et parmi nos concitoyens; alors cela nous ferait un grand tort, et nous couvrirait d'infamie. Mais si, au contraire, l'on se trouve en un lieu où on ne soit connu de personne, on souffre tout facilement. Car l'outrage aggrave la volonté de celui qui le fait; par exemple : offenser un magistrat qu'on connaît pour tel, c'est une mortelle offense; mais l'outrager en le croyant un particulier, [501] c'est à peine s'il serait sensible à une offense de ce genre.
Pensons qu'il en est ainsi à notre égard: ces méchants qui nous outragent ignorent ce que nous sommes; ils ne savent pas que nous sommes citoyens du ciel, que nos noms sont écrits dans la céleste patrie, et parmi ceux des chérubins. Ne nous affligeons donc pas, et ce qu'ils font contre nous ne le considérons donc pas comme injure : ils se garderaient bien de rien faire qui nous pût offenser, s'ils nous connaissaient : mais ils nous prennent pour des pauvres et des malheureux; ne regardons donc pas comme une injure ce qu'ils font. Dites-moi : si dans un voyage quelqu'un étant arrivé à l'hôtellerie avant ses gens et toute sa suite, l'hôte, ou un des voyageurs, ne sachant qui il est, se déchaînait en invectives contre lui, ne rirait-il pas de son ignorance, et ne badinerait-il pas de sa méprise? Ne s'en divertirait-il pas, comme si ces outrages tombaient sur quelqu'autre, et non pas sur lui? Usons-en de même : nous sommes dans une hôtellerie, où nous attendons nos compagnons de voyage. Lorsqu'ils seront arrivés, et que nous serons tous réunis ensemble, alors ils connaîtront qui sont ceux qu'ils ont offensés. Alors, la tête baissée, ils diront : " Insensés que nous étions ! c'est là celui qui a été autrefois l'objet de nos railleries ". (Sag. V, 3.)
4. Deux choses doivent donc nous consoler: l'une, que ce n'est pas nous que cette injure attaque, puisque ceux qui nous la font ne savent pas qui nous sommes; l'autre, que si nous voulions nous venger, ce serait ajouter notre vengeance aux rigoureux supplices auxquels ils seront un jour condamnés. Mais, à Dieu ne plaise qu'il se trouvât parmi nous quelqu'un de si cruel et de si inhumain ! Que si c'est d'un de nos compatriotes que nous recevons une injure, en ce cas cela paraît plus dur et plus fâcheux, ou plutôt cette offense est encore très-légère. Pourquoi? Parce que l'injure que nous dit une personne que nous aimons ne nous blesse et ne nous offense point tant que celle d'un inconnu. Souvent, pour exhorter à la patience et au pardon ceux qu'on a injuriés, nous leur disons : souffrez patiemment cette injure : celui qui vous a offensé est votre frère, c'est votre père, c'est votre oncle. Que si vous respectez ces noms de père et de frère, j'invoquerai une parenté encore plus intime : car nous ne sommes pas seulement tous frères, mais nous sommes tous aussi membres les uns des autres, et un seul corps (Rom. XII, 5). Or, si nous avons du respect pour le nom de frère, à plus forte raison devons-nous en avoir pour celui de membre. Ignorez-vous ce proverbe (1) : Il faut supporter ses amis avec leurs défauts (2)? Ne vous a-t-on pas appris ce précepte de saint Paul : " Portez les fardeaux les uns des autres? " (Gal. VI, 2.) Ne voyez-vous pas tous les jours ce que font les amants? Car je me vois obligé de recourir à cet exemple, puisqu'il ne m'est pas donné de trouver parmi vous celui de l'affection dont je parle : et c'est ainsi qu'en use le saint apôtre, lorsqu'il dit : " Que si nous avons eu du respect pour les pères de notre corps, lorsqu'ils nous ont châtiés ". (Héb. XII, 9.) Ou plutôt ce qu'il écrit aux Romains est plus propre à notre sujet : " Comme ", dit-il, " vous avez fait servir les membres de votre corps à l'impureté et à l'injustice, pour commettre l'iniquité , faites-les servir maintenant à la justice ". (Rom. VI, 19.) Vous le voyez : ce discours de l'apôtre nous autorise à vous produire l'exemple des amants, et nous donne la hardiesse d'entrer dans ce détail.
Ne savez-vous donc pas ce que font les amants qui aiment avec passion une femme prostituée, et quels maux ils endurent? Ils sont souffletés, frappés, raillés; ils endurent de sa part mille impertinences, encore qu'elle les haïsse, qu'elle ne puisse les voir, qu'elle leur fasse toutes sortes d'outrages. S'il lui échappe une fois de leur dire quelque douceur, quelque tendre parole, ils se croient au comble de la fortune, ils oublient le passé ; ce ne sont plus que ris, que joie, ils se regardent comme les plus heureux de tous les hommes, soit qu'ils tombent dans la pauvreté, soit qu'il leur survienne quelque maladie, ou quelque autre fâcheux accident. Selon que les traite leur maîtresse, ils se croient heureux ou malheureux, ils ne tiennent compte ni d'une bonne réputation ni de l'ignominie : s'ils reçoivent une injure, un affront, la joie qu'ils
1. " Ce proverbe ". Le texte ajoute : " Etranger ". Je passe ce mot, il ne me paraît pas nécessaire, ni figurer ici . " Etrangers ", parce qu'il vient de quelque auteur païen. Car les Pères grecs appellent a étrangers, les païens, et ce qui vient d'eux.
2. Ce proverbe convient à ce que dit Erasme : " Connaissez les moeurs et les défauts de votre ami, mais ne le baissez pas; parce que, comme le remarque notre saint Docteur : " Nous ne sommes pas seulement frères; mais aussi les membres les uns des autres, et un seul corps ".
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ont d'être bien avec leur maîtresse leur fait tout souffrir sans peine. Si elle les injurie, si elle leur crache au visage, ils croient que ce sont des roses qu'elle leur jette. Et ne vous étonnez pas qu'ils aient ces sentiments pour elle : sa maison même ils la regardent comme la plus belle et la plus brillante de toutes les maisons, quand elle ne serait qu'une masure de terre, et quand elle tomberait en ruines. Et pourquoi parler de leur maison? La vue seule des lieux où elles passent la soirée, les réjouit et les embrase d'amour. Permettez-moi donc de vous citer les paroles de l'apôtre a Comme vous avez fait servir les membres a de votre corps à l'impureté et à l'injustice, a pour commettre l'iniquité, faites-les servir a maintenant à la justice ". Je vous le dis moi aussi : comme vous avez aimé vos maîtresses, aimez-vous de même réciproquement les uns les autres; et quelqu'injure qu'on vous fasse, vous ne croirez pas souffrir grand'chose. Mais que dis-je? Aimez-vous mutuellement, aimez Dieu de même.
Vous frissonnez, vous frémissez, mes frères, de m'entendre demander autant d'amour pour Dieu que vous en avez eu pour votre maîtresse, pour une femme prostituée? Mais moi, je frémis ale voir que vous n'avez même pas pour votre Dieu un égal amour. El, si vous le voulez bien, examinons-le, quoi qu'il puisse y avoir de choquant dans une pareille matière. Une maîtresse ne promet aucun bien à ses amants, mais elle leur attire l'ignominie, la honte, le mépris, les outrages; car c'est là ce que produit le commerce d'une femme débauchée. Ce commerce rend l'homme ridicule, le couvre de honte et d'infamie. Mais Dieu vous promet le ciel et les biens célestes, il vous fait ses enfants et les frères de son Fils unique; pendant votre vie il vous donne une infinité de choses; après votre mort il vous ressuscite, et vous comble de tant et de si grands biens, que vous ne sauriez même les concevoir, ni les imaginer; il vous rend honorables et respectables. Une maîtresse engloutit tout votre bien , vous ruine et vous fait tout dépenser pour votre perte. Dieu vous commande de semer dans le ciel même, et il vous donne le centuple et la vie éternelle. Une maîtresse se sert de son amant comme d'un esclave, et le traite plus durement que ne peut faire le tyran le plus cruel, mais Dieu dit : " Je ne vous appellerai plus serviteurs, mais : mes amis ". (Jean, XV, 15.)
5. Avez-vous fait attention, mes frères, et à la grandeur des maux que vous attirent ces sortes de femmes, et à l'immensité des biens que produit l'amour de Dieu? Qu'ajouterons-nous encore? Plusieurs veillent nuit et jour pour l'amour de leur maîtresse, et se soumettent de bon coeur à son empire; ils désertent leur maison , ils quittent leur père, leur mère, leurs amis ; ils négligent leurs biens, leurs protecteurs, abandonnent tout et laissent tout dépérir et tomber en ruine mais, pour l'amour de Dieu, ou plutôt pour nous-mêmes, pour notre propre intérêt, souvent nous ne voulons pas même donner la troisième partie de nos biens. Nous négligeons, nous méprisons le pauvre qui meurt de faim, nous le voyons nu, nous passons sans le regarder et sans daigner même lui dire un seul mot. Mais qu'un amant rencontre sur la place publique la servante de sa maîtresse, quoiqu'elle suit étrangère, ils s'arrêtent devant tout le monde pour s'entretenir longuement, comme s'ils s'en faisaient une fête et un sujet d'orgueil. La passion qu'il a pour elle fait qu'il ne compte pour rien ni la vie, ni ses supérieurs, ni le royaume éternel. Certes, ceux qui ont éprouvé cette maladie m'entendent et savent bien ce que je dis : ils le savent, (lue les amants se croient plus obligés à la plus impérieuse maîtresse qu'à tous ceux qui leur obéissent et les servent. L'enfer n'est-il pas justement préparé pour ces gens-là? mille supplices ne leur sont-ils pas justement réservés?
Réveillons-nous donc, et faisons pour Dieu autant qu'on fait pour une maîtresse; donnons-lui seulement la moitié, le tiers, de ces biens que les amants prodiguent sans peine à une femme débauchée. Peut-être frémissez-vous encore comme je frémis aussi moi-même ? Mais je voudrais que ce ne fût pas seulement ce que je dis, mais l'action même qui vous remplit d'horreur et d'effroi. Ici maintenant votre coeur est touché, mais êtes-vous sorti de ce temple, vous effacez tout, vous chassez tout de votre mémoire. Quel fruit retirez-vous donc de mes sermons? Si je disais : dissipez, consumez vos richesses et vos biens auprès de cette femme, nul de vous ne craindrait la pauvreté et ne s'en plaindrait. On ouvrirait ses coffres, on irait jusqu'à emprunter de l'argent, quoique souvent on y ait [503] été pris; mais, que je nomme l'aumône, aussitôt vous m'alléguez mille prétextes, des enfants, une femme, une maison, des clients.
Mais, direz-vous, l'amour a des, charmes et cause de grands plaisirs? Voilà justement ce qui m'accable de douleur, voilà ce qui m'afflige au dernier point. Mais si je vous montre qu'à donner aux pauvres, qu'à les servir, il y a et plus de plaisir et plus de joie, que me répondrez-vous? En effet, là l'infamie, la honte, la dépense; et encore, les piques, les querelles, les inimitiés diminuent beaucoup le plaisir; ici il n'y a rien de tout cela. Dites-moi, je vous prie, est-il rien d'égal au plaisir d'attendre en repos et en paix le royaume des cieux, la splendeur des saints, la vie éternelle? Mais, répliquerez-vous, il faut attendre, au lieu qu'ici nous jouissons. Et comment, et de quoi? Voulez-vous que je vous fasse voir que, dans la vie que je vous propose, on jouit aussi? Pensez à la grande, à l'heureuse liberté qu'on y goûte. Faites attention qu'en pratiquant la vertu, vous ne craignez ni n'appréhendez personne, ni ennemi, ni traître, ni sycophante, ni envieux, ni rival, ni jaloux, ni la pauvreté, ni la maladie, ni aucun autre accident humain ; mais dans l'amour, encore qu'une infinité de choses succèdent à souhait, et que les richesses coulent comme une source intarissable, la guerre des rivaux et leurs embûches rendent la vie de ceux qui s'y livrent la plus misérable de toutes. Car, nécessairement, pendant qu'une misérable créature se prélasse dans le luxe et les délices, il faut que la guerre s'allume pour lui complaire: ce qui est plus dur que mille morts et plus insupportable que tous les supplices qu'on pourrait imaginer.
Ici, au contraire, avec l'aumône, il n'arrive rien de pareil : " Les fruits de l'esprit ", dit l'apôtre, " sont la charité, la joie, la paix ". (Gal. V, 22.) Il n'y a ni guerres, ni dépenses fuites mal à propos; et après avoir distribué son bien, on n'a à craindre ni la honte, ni aucun fâcheux retour; si vous donnez une obole, si vous donnez un peu de pain et un verre d'eau froide, on vous en aura beaucoup d'obligation, et, loin de rien faire pour vous chagriner ou vous affliger, on fera tout pour votre gloire et pour vous épargner tout affront. Quelle excuse aurons-nous donc, quel pardon pouvons-nous espérer, nous qui abandonnons la vertu pour nous livrer au vice et nous précipiter volontairement dans la fournaise du feu ardent?
C'est pourquoi j'exhorte ceux qui sont possédés de cette maladie, de rentrer en eux-mêmes, de travailler fortement à leur guérison, et de ne point se laisser aller au désespoir. L'enfant prodigue (Luc, XV, 11) avait été bien plus malade encore; mais il ne fut pas plutôt retourné dans la maison de son père, qu'il fut rétabli dans ses premiers honneurs et dans sa première dignité, et il parut plus grand et plus illustre que celui qui s'était toujours bien conduit. Imitons-le nous-mêmes, et allons enfin trouver notre Père , quoique tardivement ; rompons nos chaînes, sortons de ce malheureux esclavage, rentrons dans notre première liberté, afin que nous possédions un jour le royaume des cieux, par la grâce et la miséricorde de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ, à qui la gloire appartient, et au Père, et au Saint-Esprit, dans tous les siècles des siècles. Ainsi soit-il.